Injectable, flexible electrode could replace rigid nerve-stimulating implants

By electrically stimulating nerves, neuromodulation therapies can reduce epileptic seizures, soothe chronic pain, and treat depression and a host of other health conditions without the use of conventional drugs like opioids.

The University of Wisconsin–Madison biomedical engineers and their collaborators have made a significant advance that could dramatically reduce the cost of neuromodulation therapy, increase its reliability and make it much less invasive.

With a type of electrode that can be injected as a liquid and then cure in the body, the researchers have laid the groundwork for a new kind of neural interface system.

The researchers unveiled their creation, which they’ve dubbed the “injectrode,” in a paper published online this week in the journal Advanced Healthcare Materials.

Today’s neuromodulation treatments rely on surgically implanted devices with high cost, require complex procedures to install, and often fail—given that they’re rigid devices attempting to mesh with soft biological tissue.

The researchers’ system leverages an entirely new way of thinking.

“You can inject the liquid around the nerve, and it cures in the body to create a wired contact,” says Kip Ludwig, a UW–Madison professor of biomedical engineering and neurological surgery. “Typical implants are really stiff, and so as the body moves, they wear and tear and break down. Our liquid cures, and the result is much closer to the normal elasticity of tissue. You can actually stretch it and increase its size 150 percent to 200 percent without losing its conductivity.”

“We essentially went through the standard repertoire of electrochemical tests to show this acts like a standard wire electrode that could be used to stimulate the nerve,” says James Trevathan, a postdoctoral fellow in Ludwig’s lab and first author on the study.

Ludwig co-authored the study and cofounded Neuronoff, a company based on the injectrode, with Case Western Reserve University biomedical engineering professor Andrew Shoffstall and Neuronoff CEO Manfred Franke. They’re also part of a multi-institution team that recently secured a $2.1 million grant from the National Institutes of Health to further develop the system to stimulate spinal nerves as a non-opioid alternative to treating chronic back pain.

“We’re making a bypass from the surface of the skin to the location we want to stimulate,” says Ludwig, who envisions eventually using a robotic surgical system for a procedure that would be akin to getting a tattoo. “As we learn more and more about how to interface with the nervous system, we’re not limited to what we’ve implanted through an invasive surgical procedure. We can actually change how we stimulate, how we talk to the nerve, because we’re essentially just routing our connection to this deep nerve back to the surface of the skin.”

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